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Bali Action Plan (2007) – A Milestone in Global Climate Negotiations
The Bali Action Plan (BAP) was adopted during the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP13) in Bali, Indonesia (2007). It marked a significant step in the global effort to address climate change by laying the foundation for a new climate agreement that eventually led to the Paris Agreement (2015).
🔹 1. Background of the Bali Action Plan
✔ Before the Bali Action Plan, the Kyoto Protocol (1997) was the main international treaty for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
✔ However, the Kyoto Protocol only required developed countries to cut emissions, while developing nations had no binding targets.
✔ The Bali Action Plan aimed to create a framework for all countries—both developed and developing—to contribute to climate action.
🔹 2. Key Elements of the Bali Action Plan
The Bali Action Plan focused on five key pillars, known as the “Bali Roadmap”, to guide future climate negotiations:
✔ 1. Shared Vision for Long-term Cooperation
- Establishing a global goal for emission reductions.
- Ensuring that economic growth and climate action go hand in hand.
✔ 2. Mitigation (Reducing Emissions)
- Developed countries were urged to take deeper emission cuts beyond Kyoto commitments.
- Developing nations were encouraged to adopt Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs).
- The role of REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) was recognized.
✔ 3. Adaptation (Dealing with Climate Impacts)
- Strengthening adaptation measures for vulnerable countries, particularly small island nations and least developed countries (LDCs).
- Financial and technical support for climate-resilient infrastructure.
✔ 4. Technology Transfer
- Promoting the development and transfer of green technologies to developing nations.
- Encouraging partnerships between developed and developing countries.
✔ 5. Climate Finance
- Strengthening financial mechanisms to help developing countries implement climate policies.
- Leading to the establishment of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) in 2010.
🔹 3. Significance of the Bali Action Plan
✔ It recognized the responsibilities of both developed and developing countries, unlike the Kyoto Protocol.
✔ Laid the groundwork for future negotiations that eventually led to the Paris Agreement (2015).
✔ Helped mobilize financial and technological support for developing nations.
🔹 4. Challenges and Limitations
🚨 Despite its importance, the Bali Action Plan faced several challenges:
✔ Lack of binding commitments for developing nations.
✔ Slow implementation due to political disagreements.
✔ Delays in financial support from developed nations.
🔹 5. Legacy of the Bali Action Plan
The Bali Action Plan was a crucial step in the global fight against climate change. It eventually led to:
✔ The Copenhagen Accord (2009), which introduced voluntary emissions targets.
✔ The Paris Agreement (2015), which made climate commitments universal for all countries.